// Copyright (c) .NET Foundation. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See License.txt in the project root for license information.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text.Encodings.Web;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.Features;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Abstractions;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Routing;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
using Microsoft.Extensions.ObjectPool;
using Moq;
using Xunit;

namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Routing
{
    public abstract class UrlHelperTestBase
    {
        [Theory]
        [InlineData(null, null, null)]
        [InlineData("/myapproot", null, null)]
        [InlineData("", "/Home/About", "/Home/About")]
        [InlineData("/myapproot", "/test", "/test")]
        public void Content_ReturnsContentPath_WhenItDoesNotStartWithToken(
            string appRoot,
            string contentPath,
            string expectedPath)
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelper(appRoot);

            // Act
            var path = urlHelper.Content(contentPath);

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal(expectedPath, path);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(null, "~/Home/About", "/Home/About")]
        [InlineData("/", "~/Home/About", "/Home/About")]
        [InlineData("/", "~/", "/")]
        [InlineData("/myapproot", "~/", "/myapproot/")]
        [InlineData("", "~/Home/About", "/Home/About")]
        [InlineData("/", "~", "/")]
        [InlineData("/myapproot", "~/Content/bootstrap.css", "/myapproot/Content/bootstrap.css")]
        public void Content_ReturnsAppRelativePath_WhenItStartsWithToken(
            string appRoot,
            string contentPath,
            string expectedPath)
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelper(appRoot);

            // Act
            var path = urlHelper.Content(contentPath);

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal(expectedPath, path);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(null)]
        [InlineData("")]
        [InlineData(" ")]
        public void IsLocalUrl_ReturnsFalseOnEmpty(string url)
        {
            // Arrange
            var helper = CreateUrlHelper();

            // Act
            var result = helper.IsLocalUrl(url);

            // Assert
            Assert.False(result);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData("/foo.html")]
        [InlineData("/www.example.com")]
        [InlineData("/")]
        public void IsLocalUrl_AcceptsRootedUrls(string url)
        {
            // Arrange
            var helper = CreateUrlHelper();

            // Act
            var result = helper.IsLocalUrl(url);

            // Assert
            Assert.True(result);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData("~/")]
        [InlineData("~/foo.html")]
        public void IsLocalUrl_AcceptsApplicationRelativeUrls(string url)
        {
            // Arrange
            var helper = CreateUrlHelper();

            // Act
            var result = helper.IsLocalUrl(url);

            // Assert
            Assert.True(result);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData("foo.html")]
        [InlineData("../foo.html")]
        [InlineData("fold/foo.html")]
        public void IsLocalUrl_RejectsRelativeUrls(string url)
        {
            // Arrange
            var helper = CreateUrlHelper();

            // Act
            var result = helper.IsLocalUrl(url);

            // Assert
            Assert.False(result);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData("http:/foo.html")]
        [InlineData("hTtP:foo.html")]
        [InlineData("http:/www.example.com")]
        [InlineData("HtTpS:/www.example.com")]
        public void IsLocalUrl_RejectValidButUnsafeRelativeUrls(string url)
        {
            // Arrange
            var helper = CreateUrlHelper();

            // Act
            var result = helper.IsLocalUrl(url);

            // Assert
            Assert.False(result);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData("http://www.mysite.com/appDir/foo.html")]
        [InlineData("http://WWW.MYSITE.COM")]
        public void IsLocalUrl_RejectsUrlsOnTheSameHost(string url)
        {
            // Arrange
            var helper = CreateUrlHelper(appRoot: string.Empty, host: "www.mysite.com", protocol: null);

            // Act
            var result = helper.IsLocalUrl(url);

            // Assert
            Assert.False(result);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData("http://localhost/foobar.html")]
        [InlineData("http://127.0.0.1/foobar.html")]
        public void IsLocalUrl_RejectsUrlsOnLocalHost(string url)
        {
            // Arrange
            var helper = CreateUrlHelper(appRoot: string.Empty, host: "www.mysite.com", protocol: null);

            // Act
            var result = helper.IsLocalUrl(url);

            // Assert
            Assert.False(result);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData("https://www.mysite.com/")]
        public void IsLocalUrl_RejectsUrlsOnTheSameHostButDifferentScheme(string url)
        {
            // Arrange
            var helper = CreateUrlHelper(appRoot: string.Empty, host: "www.mysite.com", protocol: null);

            // Act
            var result = helper.IsLocalUrl(url);

            // Assert
            Assert.False(result);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData("http://www.example.com")]
        [InlineData("https://www.example.com")]
        [InlineData("hTtP://www.example.com")]
        [InlineData("HtTpS://www.example.com")]
        public void IsLocalUrl_RejectsUrlsOnDifferentHost(string url)
        {
            // Arrange
            var helper = CreateUrlHelper(appRoot: string.Empty, host: "www.mysite.com", protocol: null);

            // Act
            var result = helper.IsLocalUrl(url);

            // Assert
            Assert.False(result);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData("http://///www.example.com/foo.html")]
        [InlineData("https://///www.example.com/foo.html")]
        [InlineData("HtTpS://///www.example.com/foo.html")]
        [InlineData("http:///www.example.com/foo.html")]
        [InlineData("http:////www.example.com/foo.html")]
        public void IsLocalUrl_RejectsUrlsWithTooManySchemeSeparatorCharacters(string url)
        {
            // Arrange
            var helper = CreateUrlHelper(appRoot: string.Empty, host: "www.mysite.com", protocol: null);

            // Act
            var result = helper.IsLocalUrl(url);

            // Assert
            Assert.False(result);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData("//www.example.com")]
        [InlineData("//www.example.com?")]
        [InlineData("//www.example.com:80")]
        [InlineData("//www.example.com/foobar.html")]
        [InlineData("///www.example.com")]
        [InlineData("//////www.example.com")]
        public void IsLocalUrl_RejectsUrlsWithMissingSchemeName(string url)
        {
            // Arrange
            var helper = CreateUrlHelper(appRoot: string.Empty, host: "www.mysite.com", protocol: null);

            // Act
            var result = helper.IsLocalUrl(url);

            // Assert
            Assert.False(result);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData("http:\\\\www.example.com")]
        [InlineData("http:\\\\www.example.com\\")]
        [InlineData("/\\")]
        [InlineData("/\\foo")]
        public void IsLocalUrl_RejectsInvalidUrls(string url)
        {
            // Arrange
            var helper = CreateUrlHelper(appRoot: string.Empty, host: "www.mysite.com", protocol: null);

            // Act
            var result = helper.IsLocalUrl(url);

            // Assert
            Assert.False(result);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData("~//www.example.com")]
        [InlineData("~//www.example.com?")]
        [InlineData("~//www.example.com:80")]
        [InlineData("~//www.example.com/foobar.html")]
        [InlineData("~///www.example.com")]
        [InlineData("~//////www.example.com")]
        public void IsLocalUrl_RejectsTokenUrlsWithMissingSchemeName(string url)
        {
            // Arrange
            var helper = CreateUrlHelper(appRoot: string.Empty, host: "www.mysite.com", protocol: null);

            // Act
            var result = helper.IsLocalUrl(url);

            // Assert
            Assert.False(result);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData("~/\\")]
        [InlineData("~/\\foo")]
        public void IsLocalUrl_RejectsInvalidTokenUrls(string url)
        {
            // Arrange
            var helper = CreateUrlHelper(appRoot: string.Empty, host: "www.mysite.com", protocol: null);

            // Act
            var result = helper.IsLocalUrl(url);

            // Assert
            Assert.False(result);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void RouteUrlWithDictionary()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.RouteUrl(
                values: new RouteValueDictionary(
                new
                {
                    Action = "newaction",
                    Controller = "home2",
                    id = "someid"
                }));

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("/app/home2/newaction/someid", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void RouteUrlWithEmptyHostName()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.RouteUrl(
                routeName: "namedroute",
                values: new RouteValueDictionary(
                new
                {
                    Action = "newaction",
                    Controller = "home2",
                    id = "someid"
                }),
                protocol: "http",
                host: string.Empty);

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("http://localhost/app/named/home2/newaction/someid", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void RouteUrlWithEmptyProtocol()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.RouteUrl(
                routeName: "namedroute",
                values: new RouteValueDictionary(
                new
                {
                    Action = "newaction",
                    Controller = "home2",
                    id = "someid"
                }),
                protocol: string.Empty,
                host: "foo.bar.com");

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("http://foo.bar.com/app/named/home2/newaction/someid", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void RouteUrlWithNullProtocol()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.RouteUrl(
                routeName: "namedroute",
                values: new RouteValueDictionary(
                new
                {
                    Action = "newaction",
                    Controller = "home2",
                    id = "someid"
                }),
                protocol: null,
                host: "foo.bar.com");

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("http://foo.bar.com/app/named/home2/newaction/someid", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void RouteUrlWithNullProtocolAndNullHostName()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.RouteUrl(
                routeName: "namedroute",
                values: new RouteValueDictionary(
                new
                {
                    Action = "newaction",
                    Controller = "home2",
                    id = "someid"
                }),
                protocol: null,
                host: null);

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("/app/named/home2/newaction/someid", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void RouteUrlWithObjectProperties()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.RouteUrl(new { Action = "newaction", Controller = "home2", id = "someid" });

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("/app/home2/newaction/someid", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void RouteUrlWithProtocol()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.RouteUrl(
                routeName: "namedroute",
                values: new
                {
                    Action = "newaction",
                    Controller = "home2",
                    id = "someid"
                },
                protocol: "https");

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("https://localhost/app/named/home2/newaction/someid", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void RouteUrl_WithUnicodeHost_DoesNotPunyEncodeTheHost()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.RouteUrl(
                routeName: "namedroute",
                values: new
                {
                    Action = "newaction",
                    Controller = "home2",
                    id = "someid"
                },
                protocol: "https",
                host: "pingüino");

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("https://pingüino/app/named/home2/newaction/someid", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void RouteUrl_GeneratesUrl_WithRouteName_UsingDefaultValues_WhenExplicitOrAmbientValues_NotPresent()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.RouteUrl(
                routeName: "OrdersApi",
                values: new { id = "500" });

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("/app/api/orders/500", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void RouteUrl_WithRouteName_DoesNotGenerateUrl_WhenRequiredValueForParameter_NotPresent()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.RouteUrl(
                routeName: "OrdersApi",
                values: new { });

            // Assert
            Assert.Null(url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void RouteUrlWithRouteNameAndDictionary()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.RouteUrl(
                routeName: "namedroute",
                values: new RouteValueDictionary(
                new
                {
                    Action = "newaction",
                    Controller = "home2",
                    id = "someid"
                }));

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("/app/named/home2/newaction/someid", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void RouteUrlWithRouteNameAndObjectProperties()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.RouteUrl(
                routeName: "namedroute",
                values: new
                {
                    Action = "newaction",
                    Controller = "home2",
                    id = "someid"
                });

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("/app/named/home2/newaction/someid", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void RouteUrlWithUrlRouteContext_ReturnsExpectedResult()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            var routeContext = new UrlRouteContext()
            {
                RouteName = "namedroute",
                Values = new
                {
                    Action = "newaction",
                    Controller = "home2",
                    id = "someid"
                },
                Fragment = "somefragment",
                Host = "remotetown",
                Protocol = "ftp"
            };

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.RouteUrl(routeContext);

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("ftp://remotetown/app/named/home2/newaction/someid#somefragment", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void RouteUrlWithAllParameters_ReturnsExpectedResult()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.RouteUrl(
                routeName: "namedroute",
                values: new
                {
                    Action = "newaction",
                    Controller = "home2",
                    id = "someid"
                },
                fragment: "somefragment",
                host: "remotetown",
                protocol: "https");

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("https://remotetown/app/named/home2/newaction/someid#somefragment", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void UrlAction_RouteValuesAsDictionary_CaseSensitive()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            // We're using a dictionary with a case-sensitive comparer and loading it with data
            // using casings differently from the route. This should still successfully generate a link.
            var dictionary = new Dictionary<string, object>();
            var id = "suppliedid";
            var isprint = "true";
            dictionary["ID"] = id;
            dictionary["isprint"] = isprint;

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.Action(
                action: "contact",
                controller: "home",
                values: dictionary);

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal(2, dictionary.Count);
            Assert.Same(id, dictionary["ID"]);
            Assert.Same(isprint, dictionary["isprint"]);
            Assert.Equal("/app/home/contact/suppliedid?isprint=true", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void UrlAction_WithUnicodeHost_DoesNotPunyEncodeTheHost()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.Action(
                action: "contact",
                controller: "home",
                values: null,
                protocol: "http",
                host: "pingüino");

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("http://pingüino/app/home/contact", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void UrlRouteUrl_RouteValuesAsDictionary_CaseSensitive()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            // We're using a dictionary with a case-sensitive comparer and loading it with data
            // using casings differently from the route. This should still successfully generate a link.
            var dict = new Dictionary<string, object>();
            var action = "contact";
            var controller = "home";
            var id = "suppliedid";

            dict["ACTION"] = action;
            dict["Controller"] = controller;
            dict["ID"] = id;

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.RouteUrl(routeName: "namedroute", values: dict);

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal(3, dict.Count);
            Assert.Same(action, dict["ACTION"]);
            Assert.Same(controller, dict["Controller"]);
            Assert.Same(id, dict["ID"]);
            Assert.Equal("/app/named/home/contact/suppliedid", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void UrlActionWithUrlActionContext_ReturnsExpectedResult()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            var actionContext = new UrlActionContext()
            {
                Action = "contact",
                Controller = "home3",
                Values = new { id = "idone" },
                Protocol = "ftp",
                Host = "remotelyhost",
                Fragment = "somefragment"
            };

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.Action(actionContext);

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("ftp://remotelyhost/app/home3/contact/idone#somefragment", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void UrlActionWithAllParameters_ReturnsExpectedResult()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.Action(
                controller: "home3",
                action: "contact",
                values: null,
                protocol: "https",
                host: "remotelyhost",
                fragment: "somefragment");

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("https://remotelyhost/app/home3/contact#somefragment", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void LinkWithAllParameters_ReturnsExpectedResult()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.Link(
                "namedroute",
                new
                {
                    Action = "newaction",
                    Controller = "home",
                    id = "someid"
                });

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("http://localhost/app/named/home/newaction/someid", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void LinkWithNullRouteName_ReturnsExpectedResult()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes();

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.Link(
                null,
                new
                {
                    Action = "newaction",
                    Controller = "home",
                    id = "someid"
                });

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("http://localhost/app/home/newaction/someid", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void RouteUrlWithRouteNameAndDefaults()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes(
                "/app",
                host: null,
                protocol: null,
                routeName: "MyRouteName",
                template: "any/url");

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.RouteUrl("MyRouteName");

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("/app/any/url", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void LinkWithDefaultsAndNullRouteValues_ReturnsExpectedResult()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes(
                "/app",
                host: null,
                protocol: null,
                routeName: "MyRouteName",
                template: "any/url");

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.Link("MyRouteName", null);

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("http://localhost/app/any/url", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void LinkWithCustomHostAndProtocol_ReturnsExpectedResult()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes(
                string.Empty,
                "myhost",
                "https",
                routeName: "MyRouteName",
                template: "any/url");

            // Act
            var url = urlHelper.Link(
                "namedroute",
                new
                {
                    Action = "newaction",
                    Controller = "home",
                    id = "someid"
                });

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("https://myhost/named/home/newaction/someid", url);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void GetUrlHelper_ReturnsSameInstance_IfAlreadyPresent()
        {
            // Arrange
            var expectedUrlHelper = CreateUrlHelper();
            var httpContext = new Mock<HttpContext>();
            httpContext.SetupGet(h => h.Features).Returns(new FeatureCollection());
            var mockItems = new Dictionary<object, object>
            {
                { typeof(IUrlHelper), expectedUrlHelper }
            };
            httpContext.Setup(h => h.Items).Returns(mockItems);

            var actionContext = CreateActionContext(httpContext.Object);
            var urlHelperFactory = new UrlHelperFactory();

            // Act
            var urlHelper = urlHelperFactory.GetUrlHelper(actionContext);

            // Assert
            Assert.Same(expectedUrlHelper, urlHelper);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void GetUrlHelper_CreatesNewInstance_IfNotAlreadyPresent()
        {
            // Arrange
            var httpContext = new Mock<HttpContext>();
            httpContext.SetupGet(h => h.Features).Returns(new FeatureCollection());
            httpContext.Setup(h => h.Items).Returns(new Dictionary<object, object>());

            var actionContext = CreateActionContext(httpContext.Object);
            var urlHelperFactory = new UrlHelperFactory();

            // Act
            var urlHelper = urlHelperFactory.GetUrlHelper(actionContext);

            // Assert
            Assert.NotNull(urlHelper);
            Assert.Same(urlHelper, actionContext.HttpContext.Items[typeof(IUrlHelper)] as IUrlHelper);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void GetUrlHelper_CreatesNewInstance_IfExpectedTypeIsNotPresent()
        {
            // Arrange
            var httpContext = new Mock<HttpContext>();
            httpContext.SetupGet(h => h.Features).Returns(new FeatureCollection());
            var mockItems = new Dictionary<object, object>
            {
                { typeof(IUrlHelper), null }
            };
            httpContext.Setup(h => h.Items).Returns(mockItems);

            var actionContext = CreateActionContext(httpContext.Object);
            var urlHelperFactory = new UrlHelperFactory();

            // Act
            var urlHelper = urlHelperFactory.GetUrlHelper(actionContext);

            // Assert
            Assert.NotNull(urlHelper);
            Assert.Same(urlHelper, actionContext.HttpContext.Items[typeof(IUrlHelper)] as IUrlHelper);
        }

        // Regression test for aspnet/Mvc#2859
        [Fact]
        public void Action_RouteValueInvalidation_DoesNotAffectActionAndController()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelper(
                appRoot: "",
                host: null,
                protocol: null,
                "default",
                "{first}/{controller}/{action}",
                new { second = "default", controller = "default", action = "default" });

            var routeData = urlHelper.ActionContext.RouteData;
            routeData.Values.Add("first", "a");
            routeData.Values.Add("controller", "Store");
            routeData.Values.Add("action", "Buy");

            // Act
            //
            // In this test the 'first' route value has changed, meaning that *normally* the
            // 'controller' value could not be used. However 'controller' and 'action' are treated
            // specially by UrlHelper.
            var url = urlHelper.Action("Checkout", new { first = "b" });

            // Assert
            Assert.NotNull(url);
            Assert.Equal("/b/Store/Checkout", url);
        }

        // Regression test for aspnet/Mvc#2859
        [Fact]
        public void Action_RouteValueInvalidation_AffectsOtherRouteValues()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelper(
                appRoot: "",
                host: null,
                protocol: null,
                "default",
                "{first}/{second}/{controller}/{action}",
                new { second = "default", controller = "default", action = "default" });

            var routeData = urlHelper.ActionContext.RouteData;
            routeData.Values.Add("first", "a");
            routeData.Values.Add("second", "x");
            routeData.Values.Add("controller", "Store");
            routeData.Values.Add("action", "Buy");

            // Act
            //
            // In this test the 'first' route value has changed, meaning that *normally* the
            // 'controller' value could not be used. However 'controller' and 'action' are treated
            // specially by UrlHelper.
            //
            // 'second' gets no special treatment, and picks up its default value instead.
            var url = urlHelper.Action("Checkout", new { first = "b" });

            // Assert
            Assert.NotNull(url);
            Assert.Equal("/b/default/Store/Checkout", url);
        }

        // Regression test for aspnet/Mvc#2859
        [Fact]
        public void Action_RouteValueInvalidation_DoesNotAffectActionAndController_ActionPassedInRouteValues()
        {
            // Arrange
            var urlHelper = CreateUrlHelper(
                appRoot: "",
                host: null,
                protocol: null,
                "default",
                "{first}/{controller}/{action}",
                new { second = "default", controller = "default", action = "default" });

            var routeData = urlHelper.ActionContext.RouteData;
            routeData.Values.Add("first", "a");
            routeData.Values.Add("controller", "Store");
            routeData.Values.Add("action", "Buy");

            // Act
            //
            // In this test the 'first' route value has changed, meaning that *normally* the
            // 'controller' value could not be used. However 'controller' and 'action' are treated
            // specially by UrlHelper.
            var url = urlHelper.Action(action: null, values: new { first = "b", action = "Checkout" });

            // Assert
            Assert.NotNull(url);
            Assert.Equal("/b/Store/Checkout", url);
        }

        protected abstract IServiceProvider CreateServices();

        protected abstract IUrlHelper CreateUrlHelper(ActionContext actionContext);

        protected abstract IUrlHelper CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes(
            string appRoot,
            string host,
            string protocol);

        protected abstract IUrlHelper CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes(
            string appRoot,
            string host,
            string protocol,
            string routeName,
            string template);

        protected abstract IUrlHelper CreateUrlHelper(
            string appRoot,
            string host,
            string protocol,
            string routeName,
            string template,
            object defaults);

        protected virtual IUrlHelper CreateUrlHelper(string appRoot, string host, string protocol)
        {
            appRoot = string.IsNullOrEmpty(appRoot) ? string.Empty : appRoot;
            host = string.IsNullOrEmpty(host) ? "localhost" : host;

            var services = CreateServices();
            var httpContext = CreateHttpContext(services, appRoot, host, protocol);

            var actionContext = new ActionContext(httpContext, new RouteData(), new ActionDescriptor());
            return CreateUrlHelper(actionContext);
        }

        protected virtual ActionContext CreateActionContext(HttpContext httpContext, RouteData routeData = null)
        {
            routeData = routeData ?? new RouteData();
            return new ActionContext(httpContext, routeData, new ActionDescriptor());
        }

        protected virtual HttpContext CreateHttpContext(
            IServiceProvider services,
            string appRoot,
            string host,
            string protocol)
        {
            appRoot = string.IsNullOrEmpty(appRoot) ? string.Empty : appRoot;
            host = string.IsNullOrEmpty(host) ? "localhost" : host;

            var context = new DefaultHttpContext();
            context.RequestServices = services;
            context.Request.PathBase = new PathString(appRoot);
            context.Request.Host = new HostString(host);
            context.Request.Scheme = protocol;
            return context;
        }

        protected IServiceCollection GetCommonServices()
        {
            var services = new ServiceCollection();
            services.AddOptions();
            services.AddLogging();
            services.AddRouting();
            services
                .AddSingleton<ObjectPoolProvider, DefaultObjectPoolProvider>()
                .AddSingleton<UrlEncoder>(UrlEncoder.Default);
            return services;
        }

        private IUrlHelper CreateUrlHelper(string appRoot = "")
        {
            return CreateUrlHelper(appRoot, host: null, protocol: null);
        }

        private IUrlHelper CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes()
        {
            return CreateUrlHelperWithDefaultRoutes(appRoot: "/app", host: null, protocol: null);
        }
    }
}