diff --git a/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/DefaultHubDispatcherBenchmark.cs b/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/DefaultHubDispatcherBenchmark.cs
index 237b86771d..ab7bcc2a54 100644
--- a/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/DefaultHubDispatcherBenchmark.cs
+++ b/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/DefaultHubDispatcherBenchmark.cs
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks
                 return false;
             }
 
-            public void WriteMessage(HubMessage message, Stream output)
+            public void WriteMessage(HubMessage message, IBufferWriter<byte> output)
             {
             }
         }
diff --git a/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/HubConnectionContextBenchmark.cs b/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/HubConnectionContextBenchmark.cs
index ba161e8096..1ebf21ff8c 100644
--- a/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/HubConnectionContextBenchmark.cs
+++ b/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/HubConnectionContextBenchmark.cs
@@ -30,9 +30,11 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks
         [GlobalSetup]
         public void GlobalSetup()
         {
-            var memoryBufferWriter = new MemoryBufferWriter();
-            HandshakeProtocol.WriteRequestMessage(new HandshakeRequestMessage("json", 1), memoryBufferWriter);
-            _handshakeRequestResult = new ReadResult(new ReadOnlySequence<byte>(memoryBufferWriter.ToArray()), false, false);
+            using (var memoryBufferWriter = new MemoryBufferWriter())
+            {
+                HandshakeProtocol.WriteRequestMessage(new HandshakeRequestMessage("json", 1), memoryBufferWriter);
+                _handshakeRequestResult = new ReadResult(new ReadOnlySequence<byte>(memoryBufferWriter.ToArray()), false, false);
+            }
 
             _pipe = new TestDuplexPipe();
 
diff --git a/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/HubConnectionSendBenchmark.cs b/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/HubConnectionSendBenchmark.cs
index fa0ff6a205..ea1ed7cb97 100644
--- a/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/HubConnectionSendBenchmark.cs
+++ b/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/HubConnectionSendBenchmark.cs
@@ -24,12 +24,14 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks
         [GlobalSetup]
         public void GlobalSetup()
         {
-            var ms = new MemoryBufferWriter();
-            HandshakeProtocol.WriteResponseMessage(HandshakeResponseMessage.Empty, ms);
-            var handshakeResponseResult = new ReadResult(new ReadOnlySequence<byte>(ms.ToArray()), false, false);
-                
-            _pipe = new TestDuplexPipe();
-            _pipe.AddReadResult(new ValueTask<ReadResult>(handshakeResponseResult));
+            using (var writer = new MemoryBufferWriter())
+            {
+                HandshakeProtocol.WriteResponseMessage(HandshakeResponseMessage.Empty, writer);
+                var handshakeResponseResult = new ReadResult(new ReadOnlySequence<byte>(writer.ToArray()), false, false);
+
+                _pipe = new TestDuplexPipe();
+                _pipe.AddReadResult(new ValueTask<ReadResult>(handshakeResponseResult));
+            }
 
             _tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<ReadResult>();
             _pipe.AddReadResult(new ValueTask<ReadResult>(_tcs.Task));
diff --git a/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/HubConnectionStartBenchmark.cs b/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/HubConnectionStartBenchmark.cs
index 7a29f3635c..f237383b15 100644
--- a/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/HubConnectionStartBenchmark.cs
+++ b/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/HubConnectionStartBenchmark.cs
@@ -26,9 +26,11 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks
         [GlobalSetup]
         public void GlobalSetup()
         {
-            var ms = new MemoryBufferWriter();
-            HandshakeProtocol.WriteResponseMessage(HandshakeResponseMessage.Empty, ms);
-            _handshakeResponseResult = new ReadResult(new ReadOnlySequence<byte>(ms.ToArray()), false, false);
+            using (var writer = new MemoryBufferWriter())
+            {
+                HandshakeProtocol.WriteResponseMessage(HandshakeResponseMessage.Empty, writer);
+                _handshakeResponseResult = new ReadResult(new ReadOnlySequence<byte>(writer.ToArray()), false, false);
+            }
 
             _pipe = new TestDuplexPipe();
 
diff --git a/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/MessageParserBenchmark.cs b/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/MessageParserBenchmark.cs
index 9d6ccc0c4d..4a0f5be890 100644
--- a/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/MessageParserBenchmark.cs
+++ b/benchmarks/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks/MessageParserBenchmark.cs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ using System;
 using System.Buffers;
 using System.IO;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal;
 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal.Formatters;
 
 namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks
@@ -23,19 +24,22 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Microbenchmarks
         {
             var buffer = new byte[MessageLength];
             Random.NextBytes(buffer);
-            var output = new MemoryStream();
-            BinaryMessageFormatter.WriteLengthPrefix(buffer.Length, output);
-            output.Write(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);
-
-            _binaryInput = output.ToArray();
+            using (var writer = new MemoryBufferWriter())
+            {
+                BinaryMessageFormatter.WriteLengthPrefix(buffer.Length, writer);
+                writer.Write(buffer);
+                _binaryInput = writer.ToArray();
+            }
 
             buffer = new byte[MessageLength];
             Random.NextBytes(buffer);
-            output = new MemoryStream();
-            output.Write(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);
-            TextMessageFormatter.WriteRecordSeparator(output);
+            using (var writer = new MemoryBufferWriter())
+            {
+                writer.Write(buffer);
+                TextMessageFormatter.WriteRecordSeparator(writer);
 
-            _textInput = output.ToArray();
+                _textInput = writer.ToArray();
+            }
         }
 
         [Benchmark]
diff --git a/src/Common/JsonUtils.cs b/src/Common/JsonUtils.cs
index 97851fd8b1..bd37090763 100644
--- a/src/Common/JsonUtils.cs
+++ b/src/Common/JsonUtils.cs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.Internal
         internal static JsonTextWriter CreateJsonTextWriter(TextWriter textWriter)
         {
             var writer = new JsonTextWriter(textWriter);
-
+            writer.ArrayPool = JsonArrayPool<char>.Shared;
             // Don't close the output, leave closing to the caller
             writer.CloseOutput = false;
 
diff --git a/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Client.Core/HubConnection.cs b/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Client.Core/HubConnection.cs
index 90f16c24af..8d1c76b415 100644
--- a/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Client.Core/HubConnection.cs
+++ b/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Client.Core/HubConnection.cs
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Client
         {
             AssertConnectionValid();
 
-            _protocol.WriteMessage(hubMessage, _connectionState.OutputStream);
+            _protocol.WriteMessage(hubMessage, _connectionState.Connection.Transport.Output);
 
             Log.SendingMessage(_logger, hubMessage);
 
@@ -826,7 +826,6 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Client
             public IConnection Connection { get; }
             public Task ReceiveTask { get; set; }
             public Exception CloseException { get; set; }
-            public PipeWriterStream OutputStream { get; }
 
             public bool Stopping
             {
@@ -838,7 +837,6 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Client
             {
                 _hubConnection = hubConnection;
                 Connection = connection;
-                OutputStream = new PipeWriterStream(Connection.Transport.Output);
             }
 
             public string GetNextId() => Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextId).ToString();
diff --git a/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Formatters/BinaryMessageFormatter.cs b/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Formatters/BinaryMessageFormatter.cs
index 8c89ec9fce..edfc0a1c0b 100644
--- a/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Formatters/BinaryMessageFormatter.cs
+++ b/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Formatters/BinaryMessageFormatter.cs
@@ -2,22 +2,19 @@
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
 
 using System;
-using System.IO;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal.Formatters
 {
     public static class BinaryMessageFormatter
     {
-        public static void WriteLengthPrefix(long length, Stream output)
+        public static void WriteLengthPrefix(long length, IBufferWriter<byte> output)
         {
             // This code writes length prefix of the message as a VarInt. Read the comment in
             // the BinaryMessageParser.TryParseMessage for details.
 
-#if NETCOREAPP2_1
             Span<byte> lenBuffer = stackalloc byte[5];
-#else
-            var lenBuffer = new byte[5];
-#endif
+
             var lenNumBytes = 0;
             do
             {
@@ -32,11 +29,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal.Formatters
             }
             while (length > 0);
 
-#if NETCOREAPP2_1
             output.Write(lenBuffer.Slice(0, lenNumBytes));
-#else
-            output.Write(lenBuffer, 0, lenNumBytes);
-#endif
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/MemoryBufferWriter.cs b/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/MemoryBufferWriter.cs
index db667efd67..ae41eea276 100644
--- a/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/MemoryBufferWriter.cs
+++ b/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/MemoryBufferWriter.cs
@@ -4,24 +4,26 @@ using System.Collections.Generic;
 
 namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal
 {
-    public sealed class MemoryBufferWriter : IBufferWriter<byte>
+    public sealed class MemoryBufferWriter : IBufferWriter<byte>, IDisposable
     {
         private readonly int _segmentSize;
+        private int _bytesWritten;
 
-        internal List<Memory<byte>> Segments { get; }
+        internal List<byte[]> Segments { get; }
         internal int Position { get; private set; }
 
         public MemoryBufferWriter(int segmentSize = 2048)
         {
             _segmentSize = segmentSize;
 
-            Segments = new List<Memory<byte>>();
+            Segments = new List<byte[]>();
         }
 
         public Memory<byte> CurrentSegment => Segments.Count > 0 ? Segments[Segments.Count - 1] : null;
 
         public void Advance(int count)
         {
+            _bytesWritten += count;
             Position += count;
         }
 
@@ -31,8 +33,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal
 
             if (Segments.Count == 0 || Position == _segmentSize)
             {
-                // TODO: Rent memory from a pool
-                Segments.Add(new Memory<byte>(new byte[_segmentSize]));
+                Segments.Add(ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent(_segmentSize));
                 Position = 0;
             }
 
@@ -51,17 +52,14 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal
                 return Array.Empty<byte>();
             }
 
-            var totalLength = (Segments.Count - 1) * _segmentSize;
-            totalLength += Position;
-
-            var result = new byte[totalLength];
+            var result = new byte[_bytesWritten];
 
             var totalWritten = 0;
 
             // Copy full segments
             for (int i = 0; i < Segments.Count - 1; i++)
             {
-                Segments[i].CopyTo(result.AsMemory(totalWritten, _segmentSize));
+                Segments[i].AsMemory().CopyTo(result.AsMemory(totalWritten, _segmentSize));
 
                 totalWritten += _segmentSize;
             }
@@ -71,5 +69,14 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal
 
             return result;
         }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < Segments.Count; i++)
+            {
+                ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Return(Segments[i]);
+            }
+            Segments.Clear();
+        }
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Protocol/HubProtocolExtensions.cs b/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Protocol/HubProtocolExtensions.cs
index 73ae855889..7b38156f1c 100644
--- a/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Protocol/HubProtocolExtensions.cs
+++ b/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Protocol/HubProtocolExtensions.cs
@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
 // Copyright (c) .NET Foundation. All rights reserved.
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
 
-using System.IO;
-
 namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal.Protocol
 {
     public static class HubProtocolExtensions
     {
         public static byte[] WriteToArray(this IHubProtocol hubProtocol, HubMessage message)
         {
-            using (var ms = new LimitArrayPoolWriteStream())
+            using (var writer = new MemoryBufferWriter())
             {
-                hubProtocol.WriteMessage(message, ms);
-                return ms.ToArray();
+                hubProtocol.WriteMessage(message, writer);
+                return writer.ToArray();
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Protocol/IHubProtocol.cs b/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Protocol/IHubProtocol.cs
index f05481b20c..3100717470 100644
--- a/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Protocol/IHubProtocol.cs
+++ b/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Protocol/IHubProtocol.cs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal.Protocol
 
         bool TryParseMessage(ref ReadOnlySequence<byte> input, IInvocationBinder binder, out HubMessage message);
 
-        void WriteMessage(HubMessage message, Stream output);
+        void WriteMessage(HubMessage message, IBufferWriter<byte> output);
 
         bool IsVersionSupported(int version);
     }
diff --git a/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Protocol/JsonHubProtocol.cs b/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Protocol/JsonHubProtocol.cs
index b16f1644c5..a95bad8d61 100644
--- a/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Protocol/JsonHubProtocol.cs
+++ b/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Protocol/JsonHubProtocol.cs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal.Protocol
             return message != null;
         }
 
-        public void WriteMessage(HubMessage message, Stream output)
+        public void WriteMessage(HubMessage message, IBufferWriter<byte> output)
         {
             WriteMessageCore(message, output);
             TextMessageFormatter.WriteRecordSeparator(output);
@@ -340,50 +340,58 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal.Protocol
             throw new JsonReaderException("Unexpected end when reading message headers");
         }
 
-        private void WriteMessageCore(HubMessage message, Stream stream)
+        private void WriteMessageCore(HubMessage message, IBufferWriter<byte> stream)
         {
-            using (var writer = JsonUtils.CreateJsonTextWriter(new StreamWriter(stream, _utf8NoBom, 1024, leaveOpen: true)))
+            var textWriter = Utf8BufferTextWriter.Get(stream);
+            try
             {
-                writer.WriteStartObject();
-                switch (message)
+                using (var writer = JsonUtils.CreateJsonTextWriter(textWriter))
                 {
-                    case InvocationMessage m:
-                        WriteMessageType(writer, HubProtocolConstants.InvocationMessageType);
-                        WriteHeaders(writer, m);
-                        WriteInvocationMessage(m, writer);
-                        break;
-                    case StreamInvocationMessage m:
-                        WriteMessageType(writer, HubProtocolConstants.StreamInvocationMessageType);
-                        WriteHeaders(writer, m);
-                        WriteStreamInvocationMessage(m, writer);
-                        break;
-                    case StreamItemMessage m:
-                        WriteMessageType(writer, HubProtocolConstants.StreamItemMessageType);
-                        WriteHeaders(writer, m);
-                        WriteStreamItemMessage(m, writer);
-                        break;
-                    case CompletionMessage m:
-                        WriteMessageType(writer, HubProtocolConstants.CompletionMessageType);
-                        WriteHeaders(writer, m);
-                        WriteCompletionMessage(m, writer);
-                        break;
-                    case CancelInvocationMessage m:
-                        WriteMessageType(writer, HubProtocolConstants.CancelInvocationMessageType);
-                        WriteHeaders(writer, m);
-                        WriteCancelInvocationMessage(m, writer);
-                        break;
-                    case PingMessage _:
-                        WriteMessageType(writer, HubProtocolConstants.PingMessageType);
-                        break;
-                    case CloseMessage m:
-                        WriteMessageType(writer, HubProtocolConstants.CloseMessageType);
-                        WriteCloseMessage(m, writer);
-                        break;
-                    default:
-                        throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unsupported message type: {message.GetType().FullName}");
+                    writer.WriteStartObject();
+                    switch (message)
+                    {
+                        case InvocationMessage m:
+                            WriteMessageType(writer, HubProtocolConstants.InvocationMessageType);
+                            WriteHeaders(writer, m);
+                            WriteInvocationMessage(m, writer);
+                            break;
+                        case StreamInvocationMessage m:
+                            WriteMessageType(writer, HubProtocolConstants.StreamInvocationMessageType);
+                            WriteHeaders(writer, m);
+                            WriteStreamInvocationMessage(m, writer);
+                            break;
+                        case StreamItemMessage m:
+                            WriteMessageType(writer, HubProtocolConstants.StreamItemMessageType);
+                            WriteHeaders(writer, m);
+                            WriteStreamItemMessage(m, writer);
+                            break;
+                        case CompletionMessage m:
+                            WriteMessageType(writer, HubProtocolConstants.CompletionMessageType);
+                            WriteHeaders(writer, m);
+                            WriteCompletionMessage(m, writer);
+                            break;
+                        case CancelInvocationMessage m:
+                            WriteMessageType(writer, HubProtocolConstants.CancelInvocationMessageType);
+                            WriteHeaders(writer, m);
+                            WriteCancelInvocationMessage(m, writer);
+                            break;
+                        case PingMessage _:
+                            WriteMessageType(writer, HubProtocolConstants.PingMessageType);
+                            break;
+                        case CloseMessage m:
+                            WriteMessageType(writer, HubProtocolConstants.CloseMessageType);
+                            WriteCloseMessage(m, writer);
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unsupported message type: {message.GetType().FullName}");
+                    }
+                    writer.WriteEndObject();
+                    writer.Flush();
                 }
-                writer.WriteEndObject();
-                writer.Flush();
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                Utf8BufferTextWriter.Return(textWriter);
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Protocol/Utf8BufferTextWriter.cs b/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Protocol/Utf8BufferTextWriter.cs
index 8ed80f4c27..1d98f99c89 100644
--- a/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Protocol/Utf8BufferTextWriter.cs
+++ b/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common/Internal/Protocol/Utf8BufferTextWriter.cs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ using System;
 using System.Buffers;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.IO;
-using System.Linq;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Text;
 
@@ -77,12 +76,12 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal.Protocol
 
         public override void Write(char[] buffer, int index, int count)
         {
-            WriteInternal(buffer, index, count);
+            WriteInternal(buffer.AsSpan(index, count));
         }
 
         public override void Write(char[] buffer)
         {
-            WriteInternal(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);
+            WriteInternal(buffer);
         }
 
         public override void Write(char value)
@@ -120,6 +119,11 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal.Protocol
             }
         }
 
+        public override void Write(string value)
+        {
+            WriteInternal(value.AsSpan());
+        }
+
         private Span<byte> GetBuffer()
         {
             EnsureBuffer();
@@ -142,11 +146,9 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal.Protocol
             }
         }
 
-        private void WriteInternal(char[] buffer, int index, int count)
+        private void WriteInternal(ReadOnlySpan<char> buffer)
         {
-            var currentIndex = index;
-            var charsRemaining = count;
-            while (charsRemaining > 0)
+            while (buffer.Length > 0)
             {
                 // The destination byte array might not be large enough so multiple writes are sometimes required
                 var destination = GetBuffer();
@@ -154,20 +156,19 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal.Protocol
                 var bytesUsed = 0;
                 var charsUsed = 0;
 #if NETCOREAPP2_1
-                _encoder.Convert(buffer.AsSpan(currentIndex, charsRemaining), destination, false, out charsUsed, out bytesUsed, out _);
+                _encoder.Convert(buffer, destination, false, out charsUsed, out bytesUsed, out _);
 #else
                 unsafe
                 {
-                    fixed (char* sourceChars = &buffer[currentIndex])
+                    fixed (char* sourceChars = &MemoryMarshal.GetReference(buffer))
                     fixed (byte* destinationBytes = &MemoryMarshal.GetReference(destination))
                     {
-                        _encoder.Convert(sourceChars, charsRemaining, destinationBytes, destination.Length, false, out charsUsed, out bytesUsed, out _);
+                        _encoder.Convert(sourceChars, buffer.Length, destinationBytes, destination.Length, false, out charsUsed, out bytesUsed, out _);
                     }
                 }
 #endif
 
-                charsRemaining -= charsUsed;
-                currentIndex += charsUsed;
+                buffer = buffer.Slice(charsUsed);
                 _memoryUsed += bytesUsed;
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Core/HubConnectionContext.cs b/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Core/HubConnectionContext.cs
index 930e8406f7..ce4b770ec0 100644
--- a/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Core/HubConnectionContext.cs
+++ b/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Core/HubConnectionContext.cs
@@ -41,9 +41,11 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR
 
         static HubConnectionContext()
         {
-            var memoryBufferWriter = new MemoryBufferWriter();
-            HandshakeProtocol.WriteResponseMessage(HandshakeResponseMessage.Empty, memoryBufferWriter);
-            _successHandshakeResponseData = memoryBufferWriter.ToArray();
+            using (var memoryBufferWriter = new MemoryBufferWriter())
+            {
+                HandshakeProtocol.WriteResponseMessage(HandshakeResponseMessage.Empty, memoryBufferWriter);
+                _successHandshakeResponseData = memoryBufferWriter.ToArray();
+            }
         }
 
         public HubConnectionContext(ConnectionContext connectionContext, TimeSpan keepAliveInterval, ILoggerFactory loggerFactory)
diff --git a/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Protocols.MsgPack/Internal/Protocol/MessagePackHubProtocol.cs b/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Protocols.MsgPack/Internal/Protocol/MessagePackHubProtocol.cs
index 05202de878..e0be88c850 100644
--- a/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Protocols.MsgPack/Internal/Protocol/MessagePackHubProtocol.cs
+++ b/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Protocols.MsgPack/Internal/Protocol/MessagePackHubProtocol.cs
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal.Protocol
             return destination;
         }
 
-        public void WriteMessage(HubMessage message, Stream output)
+        public void WriteMessage(HubMessage message, IBufferWriter<byte> output)
         {
             using (var stream = new LimitArrayPoolWriteStream())
             {
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal.Protocol
 
                 // Write length then message to output
                 BinaryMessageFormatter.WriteLengthPrefix(buffer.Count, output);
-                output.Write(buffer.Array, buffer.Offset, buffer.Count);
+                output.Write(buffer);
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Client.Tests/HubConnectionTests.cs b/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Client.Tests/HubConnectionTests.cs
index 7fe884500f..d7701603b9 100644
--- a/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Client.Tests/HubConnectionTests.cs
+++ b/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Client.Tests/HubConnectionTests.cs
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Client.Tests
             hubConnection.ServerTimeout = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);
 
             await hubConnection.StartAsync().OrTimeout();
-            
+
             // Start an invocation (but we won't complete it)
             var invokeTask = hubConnection.InvokeAsync("Method").OrTimeout();
 
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Client.Tests
                 throw new InvalidOperationException("No Parsed Message provided");
             }
 
-            public void WriteMessage(HubMessage message, Stream output)
+            public void WriteMessage(HubMessage message, IBufferWriter<byte> output)
             {
                 if (_error != null)
                 {
diff --git a/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Client.Tests/TestConnection.cs b/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Client.Tests/TestConnection.cs
index a97a8f0d1a..8bc98d4d22 100644
--- a/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Client.Tests/TestConnection.cs
+++ b/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Client.Tests/TestConnection.cs
@@ -75,9 +75,11 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Client.Tests
         {
             var s = await ReadSentTextMessageAsync();
 
-            var output = new MemoryBufferWriter();
-            HandshakeProtocol.WriteResponseMessage(HandshakeResponseMessage.Empty, output);
-            await Application.Output.WriteAsync(output.ToArray());
+            using (var output = new MemoryBufferWriter())
+            {
+                HandshakeProtocol.WriteResponseMessage(HandshakeResponseMessage.Empty, output);
+                await Application.Output.WriteAsync(output.ToArray());
+            }
 
             return s;
         }
diff --git a/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests/Internal/Formatters/BinaryMessageFormatterTests.cs b/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests/Internal/Formatters/BinaryMessageFormatterTests.cs
index 3d14e94458..9951bdcd00 100644
--- a/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests/Internal/Formatters/BinaryMessageFormatterTests.cs
+++ b/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests/Internal/Formatters/BinaryMessageFormatterTests.cs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Text;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal;
 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal.Formatters;
 using Xunit;
 
@@ -31,20 +32,21 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests.Internal.Formatters
                 Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("Hello,\r\nWorld!")
             };
 
-            var output = new MemoryStream(); // Use small chunks to test Advance/Enlarge and partial payload writing
-            foreach (var message in messages)
+            using (var writer = new MemoryBufferWriter()) // Use small chunks to test Advance/Enlarge and partial payload writing
             {
-                BinaryMessageFormatter.WriteLengthPrefix(message.Length, output);
-                output.Write(message, 0, message.Length);
-            }
+                foreach (var message in messages)
+                {
+                    BinaryMessageFormatter.WriteLengthPrefix(message.Length, writer);
+                    writer.Write(message);
+                }
 
-            Assert.Equal(expectedEncoding, output.ToArray());
+                Assert.Equal(expectedEncoding, writer.ToArray());
+            }
         }
 
         [Theory]
-        [InlineData(0, new byte[] { 0x00 }, new byte[0])]
-        [InlineData(0, new byte[] { 0x04, 0xAB, 0xCD, 0xEF, 0x12 }, new byte[] { 0xAB, 0xCD, 0xEF, 0x12 })]
-        [InlineData(0, new byte[]
+        [InlineData(new byte[] { 0x00 }, new byte[0])]
+        [InlineData(new byte[]
             {
                 0x80, 0x01, // Size - 128
                 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
@@ -68,53 +70,45 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests.Internal.Formatters
                 0x70, 0x71, 0x72, 0x73, 0x74, 0x75, 0x76, 0x77, 0x78, 0x79, 0x7a, 0x7b, 0x7c, 0x7d, 0x7e, 0x7f
             })]
 
-        [InlineData(4, new byte[] { 0x00 }, new byte[0])]
-        [InlineData(4, new byte[] { 0x04, 0xAB, 0xCD, 0xEF, 0x12 }, new byte[] { 0xAB, 0xCD, 0xEF, 0x12 })]
-        public void WriteBinaryMessage(int offset, byte[] encoded, byte[] payload)
+        [InlineData(new byte[] { 0x04, 0xAB, 0xCD, 0xEF, 0x12 }, new byte[] { 0xAB, 0xCD, 0xEF, 0x12 })]
+        public void WriteBinaryMessage(byte[] encoded, byte[] payload)
         {
-            var output = new MemoryStream();
-
-            if (offset > 0)
+            using (var writer = new MemoryBufferWriter())
             {
-                output.Seek(offset, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+
+                BinaryMessageFormatter.WriteLengthPrefix(payload.Length, writer);
+                writer.Write(payload);
+
+                Assert.Equal(encoded, writer.ToArray());
             }
-
-            BinaryMessageFormatter.WriteLengthPrefix(payload.Length, output);
-            output.Write(payload, 0, payload.Length);
-
-            Assert.Equal(encoded, output.ToArray().Skip(offset));
         }
 
         [Theory]
-        [InlineData(0, new byte[] { 0x00 }, "")]
-        [InlineData(0, new byte[] { 0x03, 0x41, 0x42, 0x43 }, "ABC")]
-        [InlineData(0, new byte[] { 0x0B, 0x41, 0x0A, 0x52, 0x0D, 0x43, 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x3B, 0x44, 0x45, 0x46 }, "A\nR\rC\r\n;DEF")]
-        [InlineData(4, new byte[] { 0x00 }, "")]
-        public void WriteTextMessage(int offset, byte[] encoded, string payload)
+        [InlineData(new byte[] { 0x00 }, "")]
+        [InlineData(new byte[] { 0x03, 0x41, 0x42, 0x43 }, "ABC")]
+        [InlineData(new byte[] { 0x0B, 0x41, 0x0A, 0x52, 0x0D, 0x43, 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x3B, 0x44, 0x45, 0x46 }, "A\nR\rC\r\n;DEF")]
+        public void WriteTextMessage(byte[] encoded, string payload)
         {
             var message = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(payload);
-            var output = new MemoryStream();
-
-            if (offset > 0)
+            using (var writer = new MemoryBufferWriter())
             {
-                output.Seek(offset, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+
+                BinaryMessageFormatter.WriteLengthPrefix(message.Length, writer);
+                writer.Write(message);
+
+                Assert.Equal(encoded, writer.ToArray());
             }
-
-            BinaryMessageFormatter.WriteLengthPrefix(message.Length, output);
-            output.Write(message, 0, message.Length);
-
-            Assert.Equal(encoded, output.ToArray().Skip(offset));
         }
 
         [Theory]
         [MemberData(nameof(RandomPayloads))]
         public void RoundTrippingTest(byte[] payload)
         {
-            using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
+            using (var writer = new MemoryBufferWriter())
             {
-                BinaryMessageFormatter.WriteLengthPrefix(payload.Length, ms);
-                ms.Write(payload, 0, payload.Length);
-                var buffer = new ReadOnlySequence<byte>(ms.ToArray());
+                BinaryMessageFormatter.WriteLengthPrefix(payload.Length, writer);
+                writer.Write(payload);
+                var buffer = new ReadOnlySequence<byte>(writer.ToArray());
                 Assert.True(BinaryMessageParser.TryParseMessage(ref buffer, out var roundtripped));
                 Assert.Equal(payload, roundtripped.ToArray());
             }
diff --git a/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests/Internal/Protocol/JsonHubProtocolTests.cs b/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests/Internal/Protocol/JsonHubProtocolTests.cs
index 8fd29e4c3b..f6b81cf398 100644
--- a/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests/Internal/Protocol/JsonHubProtocolTests.cs
+++ b/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests/Internal/Protocol/JsonHubProtocolTests.cs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ using Xunit;
 
 namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests.Internal.Protocol
 {
+    using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal;
     using static HubMessageHelpers;
 
     public class JsonHubProtocolTests
@@ -108,10 +109,10 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests.Internal.Protocol
 
             var protocol = new JsonHubProtocol(Options.Create(protocolOptions));
 
-            using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
+            using (var writer = new MemoryBufferWriter())
             {
-                protocol.WriteMessage(message, ms);
-                var json = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(ms.ToArray());
+                protocol.WriteMessage(message, writer);
+                var json = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(writer.ToArray());
 
                 Assert.Equal(expectedOutput, json);
             }
diff --git a/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests/Internal/Protocol/MessagePackHubProtocolTests.cs b/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests/Internal/Protocol/MessagePackHubProtocolTests.cs
index b1fccbcc2a..2693c74908 100644
--- a/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests/Internal/Protocol/MessagePackHubProtocolTests.cs
+++ b/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests/Internal/Protocol/MessagePackHubProtocolTests.cs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Text;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal;
 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal.Formatters;
 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal.Protocol;
 using MsgPack;
@@ -444,10 +445,10 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests.Internal.Protocol
 
         private static byte[] Frame(byte[] input)
         {
-            using (var stream = new MemoryStream())
+            using (var stream = new MemoryBufferWriter())
             {
                 BinaryMessageFormatter.WriteLengthPrefix(input.Length, stream);
-                stream.Write(input, 0, input.Length);
+                stream.Write(input);
                 return stream.ToArray();
             }
         }
@@ -486,11 +487,10 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests.Internal.Protocol
         private static byte[] Write(HubMessage message)
         {
             var protocol = new MessagePackHubProtocol();
-            using (var stream = new MemoryStream())
+            using (var writer = new MemoryBufferWriter())
             {
-                protocol.WriteMessage(message, stream);
-                stream.Flush();
-                return stream.ToArray();
+                protocol.WriteMessage(message, writer);
+                return writer.ToArray();
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests/Internal/Protocol/Utf8BufferTextWriterTests.cs b/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests/Internal/Protocol/Utf8BufferTextWriterTests.cs
index fa3e56f7b8..b47b71c723 100644
--- a/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests/Internal/Protocol/Utf8BufferTextWriterTests.cs
+++ b/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests/Internal/Protocol/Utf8BufferTextWriterTests.cs
@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@
 using System;
 using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Linq;
 using System.Text;
-using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal;
 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Internal.Protocol;
 using Xunit;
 
@@ -17,8 +15,8 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests.Internal.Protocol
         [Fact]
         public void WriteChar_Unicode()
         {
-            MemoryBufferWriter bufferWriter = new MemoryBufferWriter(4096);
-            Utf8BufferTextWriter textWriter = new Utf8BufferTextWriter();
+            var bufferWriter = new TestMemoryBufferWriter(4096);
+            var textWriter = new Utf8BufferTextWriter();
             textWriter.SetWriter(bufferWriter);
 
             textWriter.Write('[');
@@ -57,8 +55,8 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests.Internal.Protocol
         [Fact]
         public void WriteChar_UnicodeLastChar()
         {
-            MemoryBufferWriter bufferWriter = new MemoryBufferWriter(4096);
-            using (Utf8BufferTextWriter textWriter = new Utf8BufferTextWriter())
+            var bufferWriter = new TestMemoryBufferWriter(4096);
+            using (var textWriter = new Utf8BufferTextWriter())
             {
                 textWriter.SetWriter(bufferWriter);
 
@@ -73,8 +71,8 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests.Internal.Protocol
         [Fact]
         public void WriteChar_UnicodeAndRunOutOfBufferSpace()
         {
-            MemoryBufferWriter bufferWriter = new MemoryBufferWriter(4096);
-            Utf8BufferTextWriter textWriter = new Utf8BufferTextWriter();
+            var bufferWriter = new TestMemoryBufferWriter(4096);
+            var textWriter = new Utf8BufferTextWriter();
             textWriter.SetWriter(bufferWriter);
 
             textWriter.Write('[');
@@ -124,8 +122,8 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests.Internal.Protocol
 
             char[] chars = fourCircles.ToCharArray();
 
-            MemoryBufferWriter bufferWriter = new MemoryBufferWriter(4096);
-            Utf8BufferTextWriter textWriter = new Utf8BufferTextWriter();
+            var bufferWriter = new TestMemoryBufferWriter(4096);
+            var textWriter = new Utf8BufferTextWriter();
             textWriter.SetWriter(bufferWriter);
 
             textWriter.Write(chars, 0, 1);
@@ -153,8 +151,8 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests.Internal.Protocol
 
             char[] chars = fourCircles.ToCharArray();
 
-            MemoryBufferWriter bufferWriter = new MemoryBufferWriter(4096);
-            Utf8BufferTextWriter textWriter = new Utf8BufferTextWriter();
+            var bufferWriter = new TestMemoryBufferWriter(4096);
+            var textWriter = new Utf8BufferTextWriter();
             textWriter.SetWriter(bufferWriter);
 
             textWriter.Write(chars[0]);
@@ -178,8 +176,8 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests.Internal.Protocol
         [Fact]
         public void WriteCharArray_NonZeroStart()
         {
-            MemoryBufferWriter bufferWriter = new MemoryBufferWriter(4096);
-            Utf8BufferTextWriter textWriter = new Utf8BufferTextWriter();
+            var bufferWriter = new TestMemoryBufferWriter(4096);
+            var textWriter = new Utf8BufferTextWriter();
             textWriter.SetWriter(bufferWriter);
 
             char[] chars = "Hello world".ToCharArray();
@@ -194,8 +192,8 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests.Internal.Protocol
         [Fact]
         public void WriteCharArray_AcrossMultipleBuffers()
         {
-            MemoryBufferWriter bufferWriter = new MemoryBufferWriter(2);
-            Utf8BufferTextWriter textWriter = new Utf8BufferTextWriter();
+            var bufferWriter = new TestMemoryBufferWriter(2);
+            var textWriter = new Utf8BufferTextWriter();
             textWriter.SetWriter(bufferWriter);
 
             char[] chars = "Hello world".ToCharArray();
@@ -222,7 +220,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests.Internal.Protocol
         [Fact]
         public void GetAndReturnCachedBufferTextWriter()
         {
-            MemoryBufferWriter bufferWriter1 = new MemoryBufferWriter();
+            var bufferWriter1 = new TestMemoryBufferWriter();
 
             var textWriter1 = Utf8BufferTextWriter.Get(bufferWriter1);
             textWriter1.Write("Hello");
@@ -231,7 +229,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests.Internal.Protocol
 
             Assert.Equal("Hello", Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bufferWriter1.ToArray()));
 
-            MemoryBufferWriter bufferWriter2 = new MemoryBufferWriter();
+            TestMemoryBufferWriter bufferWriter2 = new TestMemoryBufferWriter();
 
             var textWriter2 = Utf8BufferTextWriter.Get(bufferWriter2);
             textWriter2.Write("World");
@@ -242,5 +240,74 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Common.Tests.Internal.Protocol
 
             Assert.Same(textWriter1, textWriter2);
         }
+
+        private sealed class TestMemoryBufferWriter : IBufferWriter<byte>
+        {
+            private readonly int _segmentSize;
+
+            internal List<Memory<byte>> Segments { get; }
+            internal int Position { get; private set; }
+
+            public TestMemoryBufferWriter(int segmentSize = 2048)
+            {
+                _segmentSize = segmentSize;
+
+                Segments = new List<Memory<byte>>();
+            }
+
+            public Memory<byte> CurrentSegment => Segments.Count > 0 ? Segments[Segments.Count - 1] : null;
+
+            public void Advance(int count)
+            {
+                Position += count;
+            }
+
+            public Memory<byte> GetMemory(int sizeHint = 0)
+            {
+                // TODO: Use sizeHint
+
+                if (Segments.Count == 0 || Position == _segmentSize)
+                {
+                    // TODO: Rent memory from a pool
+                    Segments.Add(new Memory<byte>(new byte[_segmentSize]));
+                    Position = 0;
+                }
+
+                return CurrentSegment.Slice(Position, CurrentSegment.Length - Position);
+            }
+
+            public Span<byte> GetSpan(int sizeHint = 0)
+            {
+                return GetMemory(sizeHint).Span;
+            }
+
+            public byte[] ToArray()
+            {
+                if (Segments.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    return Array.Empty<byte>();
+                }
+
+                var totalLength = (Segments.Count - 1) * _segmentSize;
+                totalLength += Position;
+
+                var result = new byte[totalLength];
+
+                var totalWritten = 0;
+
+                // Copy full segments
+                for (int i = 0; i < Segments.Count - 1; i++)
+                {
+                    Segments[i].CopyTo(result.AsMemory(totalWritten, _segmentSize));
+
+                    totalWritten += _segmentSize;
+                }
+
+                // Copy current incomplete segment
+                CurrentSegment.Slice(0, Position).CopyTo(result.AsMemory(totalWritten, Position));
+
+                return result;
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Tests.Utils/TestClient.cs b/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Tests.Utils/TestClient.cs
index 331d6ec7ce..2a7d4a6a18 100644
--- a/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Tests.Utils/TestClient.cs
+++ b/test/Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Tests.Utils/TestClient.cs
@@ -66,9 +66,11 @@ namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR.Tests
         {
             if (sendHandshakeRequestMessage)
             {
-                var memoryBufferWriter = new MemoryBufferWriter();
-                HandshakeProtocol.WriteRequestMessage(new HandshakeRequestMessage(_protocol.Name, _protocol.Version), memoryBufferWriter);
-                await Connection.Application.Output.WriteAsync(memoryBufferWriter.ToArray());
+                using (var memoryBufferWriter = new MemoryBufferWriter())
+                {
+                    HandshakeProtocol.WriteRequestMessage(new HandshakeRequestMessage(_protocol.Name, _protocol.Version), memoryBufferWriter);
+                    await Connection.Application.Output.WriteAsync(memoryBufferWriter.ToArray());
+                }
             }
 
             var connection = handler.OnConnectedAsync(Connection);